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The English Tenses
E. O. Khundaeva
??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ???????. ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????????????.????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????, ???????? ? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????.
The English Tenses
E.?O. Khundaeva
??E. O. Khundaeva,?2018
ISBN?978-5-4493-7784-5
??????? ? ???????????????? ???????????? ??????? Ridero
Π???????????
???????? ????????? ????????, ?????? ?????????????? ????. ??????? ??????? ????????⠖ ???????????, ??????????????, ??????? ????????????????, ???????????? ??????????? ?????, ????????????? ????????????.
??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????. ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????????????.
????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????, ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????.
UNIT 1
THE SIMPLE TENSE
The Simple Tense
The distinctive features (????????????? ????????)
1. ?????, ????????? ????????. ?????????????? ???????: yesterday
tomorrow, ago (???? ?????), in?(????? ?????-?? ?????), on Monday, in?2006, last week (last month, last year)?? ????????? ?????? (??????????? ??????, ???????? ????).
2. ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????. ?????????????? ?????????? ???????: usually, every (??????) day (week, month, year), once a?week (??? ???????), twice a?day (??? ???? ?????) ??.??.
3. ?????????????????? ???????, ????????: I?got up in?the morning, took a?shower, got dressed, had my breakfast and left for work?? ? ????? ?????, ?????? ???, ??????, ??????????? ?????? ????????.
4. ????????, ???????????? ?????? ???????, ????? ?????????? ????, ?????????? ????????. ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????: from? till, for 3?hours, the whole morning, all day long (???? ????).
The Present Simple Tense
The Present Simple Tense ?????????? ???????, ????????? ???????????? ????????, ????????: ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????, ??????? ??????, ????????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ????????. ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ????? ??????????? ?Present Simple Tense:
Now (??????, ?????)
Often (?????)
Seldom, rarely (?????)
At present (?????????? ?????)
On Saturday (??????????)
Usually (??????, ??????)
Generally?? ??????
Every day?? ??????????
Every Sunday?? ?????? ???????????
Once a?week?? ??? ???????
Every time?? ?????????
Three times a?week?? ??? ???? ???????
Regularly?? ?????????
Systematically?? ??????????????
Periodically?? ????????????
As a?rule?? ??? ???????
From? till?? ?? ??(????? ?????????? ????, ??????????)
All day long?? ?????????
For an hour?? ????????????
????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????, ??????? ??????????? ????????? (?????? ????, ?????? ?????? ??. ?.). ????????: ??? ????? ????? ?????????????? ?6??????, ???????? ???, ????? ???????? ??????????, ????????? ???? ??????? ?I?get up at about 6?in?the morning, take a?shower, do daily dozens, have breakfast and leave for (????, ?????) my work?.
?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????: ?3?? ???? ??. ?. ???????? ??????????? ????????堖 s, ????????: ?? ????? he writes.
????????? ???????
I?work?? ? ??????? We work?? ?? ????????
You work?? ?? ????????? You work?? ?? ?????????
He (she, it) works?? ?? (???, ???) ???????? They work?? ??? ????????
The affirmative (??????????????), interrogative (??????????????) and negative (?????????????) sentences (???????????)
Dialogue
??Do you learn French? Yes, I?actually (?????????????) think (?????) you learn French, don?t you (???????)?
??Yes, I?learn French.
??And what about Ann (????? ?????? ???)? Ann, do you learn English or French?
??I?learn German.
??So that?s what it is (??? ??? ???), you learn German (???????? ????). Do you go home at 6?after work?
??Yes, usually I?go home at?6.
??Does Nick go home at 5?or at 6? I?think, he goes home at 5, doesn?t he (???????)?
??No. He goes home at?6.
??I?see (???????, ????), he goes home at 6. I?get up (????????) at 7?in?the morning. I?know you don?t get up (?????????) at 7. You get up still earlier (??? ??????). Do you get up at 6?(?? ??????? ?6)? Do you really get up so (???) early?
??Yes. I?have to?(????????) get up that (???) early (????).
??I?see (???????), you get up early because you have to?(??????, ????????) go to?your work that starts (??????????) at 8. You commute (?????? ?????????????? ??????????, ????????, ????????????) to?your work, don?t you (???????)? Maybe (????? ????), you go by?car or by?train. I?see you go by?car. But sometimes (??????) you have to?(????????, ??????????) go by?train (????????????).
??Yes. Quite often (???????? ?????).
??Ann, your brother goes to?school, doesn?t he (???????)? Does he go to?the nearest (?????????) school? Does he go to?school No.19?or 18? As far as I?can guess (????????? ? ???? ??????) he doesn?t go (???????) to?school No. 18, does he (???????)?
??He does not (???).
??He does not. I?see (???????, ????). So he goes to?school No. 19. Now I?see he attends (??????, ????????) the nearest (?????????) school.
***
Lena sings (????) well and as for (??? ????????) me I?can?t sing at all (?????? ?????? ????).
Does Lena really (?????????????) sing well? Oh, she does (??). Just no doubt (??? ????????). She does that perfectly well (?????? ??? ????? ??????). She sings very well, doesn?t she (???????)? She does not miss an opportunity to?sing (??? ???????????? ?????? ??????), does she (??????)? No, she never does (??????? ????????????).
***
They leave (???????? ??????) at 7. Yes, they do (??), because their train (??????????, ?????) starts (????????, ????????????) at 7:40. It?s quite (?????, ??????) early (????), isn?t it (???????)? I?won?t be able (???????) to?get up (??????) that early (??? ????). So (???????) I?ll say good-bye to?them (?????????? ?????) in?the evening (???????) before going to?bed (??????, ??? ????? ?????). That?s a?clever decision (??? ????? ???????), isn?t it (???????)? I?think (? ?????) it?s not going to?be (??? ???????) impolite (?????????), is it (???????)?
We generally (??????) have breakfast (??????????) at 8. Do you have your breakfast at that time (???? ?????) too (????)? Or you don?t have your breakfast (??? ?? ??????????????) at 8, do you (???????)? Some (?????????) people have their breakfast quite early (????? ????), don?t they (???????)? They do (??).
***
I?understand you well (? ??????? ??? ??????). Do you understand me (?? ????????? ????)? Does your colleague (???????) understand you? Do your business partners (??????? ???????) also (????, ?????) understand you well? Do we understand each other (???? ?????) well enough (?????????? ??????)?
***
??Do I?understand it right (??????????? ? ???????) that you got (????????) a?new appointment (??????????, ?????????)?
??Yes, but I?hardly believe it myself (??????? ???? ???? ???).
***
??Do you want to?say that you hold this appointment (???????? ?????????)?
??It seems so (???????,???).
***
??Does she complete projects for grants (????????? ??????? ???????) regularly?
??Not quite (????????) regularly but rather often (???????? ?????).
??Do you participate in?the competitions for grants (??????????? ?????????? ????????) often?
??I?do sometimes (??????), but not quite often (??????? ?????) as I?d love to?(??? ????? ????????).
??Do they encourage (????????, ??????????????) collaborative (??????????) projects?
??They seem to?(???????,???).
***
Do you like it here (??? ???????? ?????)? I?like it here very much.
Does he like it here? He does (??).
Does she like it here? Oh yes, she does.
Do they like it there (?? ??? ????????)? They like it there very much.
Do you like it in?Ulan-Ude (??? ???????? ?????-???)? I?like it here in?Ulan-Ude very much.
Do you like it at the Baikal (??? ???????? ?????????)? I?do very much.
Do they speak Portuguese in?Brazil (??? ????????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????)? They do (??).
***
Does the sun set in?the east (?????? ??????? ?????????)? It does not (???). It sets in?the west (????????). It rises (?????????) in?the east.
Do you turn on the light (???????? ????) when it gets dark (????? ?????????? ?????)? We do (??).
Does she switch off the light (????????? ????) when she goes out of?the room (????? ??????? ?????????)? She does (??, ?????????).
Does he turn off the tap (????????? ????) or does he often forget (????????) about that? He turns it off (?????????), that?s for sure (??? ?????). Don?t worry (??????????????).
Does he want to?listen to?the news (??????? ???????)? He does (??).
Do they have three bedrooms (???????) in?their house? That?s right (??? ?????).
Do you weigh (???????? ????? ????????) one hundred and fifty pounds (150???????) [????? 70???.]? I?do (??).
The Past Simple Tense
The affirmative sentences
I?studied French at school. I?began to?learn English only at the college.
That?s the thing (??? ???? ????).
It?s a?pity (????) I?didn?t learn English since the early childhood (???????? ???????).
If I?did (?????? ? ????a ???????? ???????; ?????? ??? ???? ??ꠖ ??????????????? ??? ????????? ???????) I?would be able (? ??????) to?talk English with my colleagues (???????) from abroad (??-?? ???????). It?s kind of?obstacle (????? ??????, ???????????) when you don?t know languages.
Actually it is (??????? ????, ??? ???).
As far as I?am concerned (??? ???????? ????) I?would be happy (? ????? ???) to?know as many languages as possible (??? ????? ?????? ??????).
The interrogative sentences
The general questions
Did you go there?
Did you understand?me?
Did you get (????????) a?letter?
Did you buy (??????) tickets (?????)?
Did I?get it right (? ????????? ?????)?
Did you learn English at school?
Did you want to?learn English or French or perhaps (????????) some other (??????) language (????)?
Did she apply for a?grant (???????? ?????? ???????)?
Did they find out (????????) which types of?the projects were eligible (?????????, ??????????, ??????????)??? They did (??, ????????).
Did you like it there in?London (???? ??????????? ????????)??? Yes, I?did. I?did (?????????????) like it there in?London. It is admirable (??????????????), glorious (?????????????), amazing (?????????????)), isn?t it (???????)??? Oh yes, no doubt (??????????).
Task:
Make up (?????????, ?????????) the interrogative sentences (?????????????? ???????????), namely (???????; ??????????) the general (?????) questions in?the Past Simple Tense. Mind (???????), the auxiliary (???????????????) verb ?did? must be at the beginning of?the question.
Bring to?your memory (?????????) the word-order (??????? ????) in?the general questions:
1. The auxiliary (???????????????) verb (??????).
2. The subject (??????????) of?the sentence (???????????).
3. The main verb (???????? ??????).
4. The object (??????????).
5. The adverbial modifier (??????????????).
Memorize (?????????) the pattern (???????): Do you read books often?
The special questions
When did you begin to?go to?school?
Where did you live when you began to?go to?school?
Which school did you go?to?
How did you get to?school (on foot?? ??????, by?tram, by?bus, by?trolley-bus, in?a?car)?
When did you finish?it?
Which college or university did you enter?
When did you enter the university or college?
When did you graduate from the university?
Where did you work after graduating from the university?
The alternative questions
Did you begin (????????) to?attend (????????) school at 6?or?7?
Did you live in?Ulan-Ude when you began to?go to?school or did you live in?some other place?
Did you go to?school on foot (??????) or by?some kind (???) of?transport?
Did you learn (?????) English at school or at the college?
Did you want (??????) to?learn English or French or perhaps (????????) some other (??????) tongue (????)?
Did she apply for a?grant (???????? ?????? ???????) or not?yet?
Did they find out (????????) which types of?projects were eligible (?????????, ??????????, ??????????) or not?yet?
The tag questions
You learned English at school, didn?t?you?
You learned it willingly (??????), didn?t?you?
He learned English since the early childhood (???????? ???????), didn?t?he?
He began to?learn the foreign languages at an early age (??????? ????????), didn?t?he?
They left for lake Baikal early in?the morning (???? ?????), didn?t they?
She went shopping early in?the morning, didn?t?she?
He went to?the hospital late at night (?????? ???????), didn?t?he?
You didn?t learn English at school, did?you?
You didn?t learn the foreign languages willingly (??????), did?you?
He didn?t learn English since the early childhood (???????? ???????), did?he?
He didn?t begin to?learn the foreign languages at an early age (??????? ????????), did?he?
The negative sentences
You did not go there (????).
You did not understand?me.
You did not get (????????) the letter.
You did not buy (??????) the tickets (?????)?
You did not get it right (?? ???????? ??? ?????????).
You did not learn English at school
You did not apply for a?grant (???????? ?????? ???????).
They did not find out (????????) which types of?the projects were eligible (?????????, ??????????, ??????????).
The intensifying (????????????) do, does,?did
I?do observe all the conditions specified on the application form. ? ????????????? ???????? ??? ???????, ????????? ???????? ??????.
He does know about that. ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????.
We did go there. ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????.
They did complete the project. ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????.
Please, do come. ??????????, ??????????? ?????????.
Translate, please
?? ????????????? ????????????.
??????? ????, ? ???? ????? ?????????? ????. I?do want to?learn English.
? ????? ???? ????????????? ???????????? ?????.
? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??(to) ???????.
? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ????.
??? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????. They do want to?participate in?this project.
??? ????? ????? ????????????? ????? (to?get acquainted with them).
***
??? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? (participate) ????????.
??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. She did know about that.
??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????.
?? ????? ??????????? ???. They did like it there.
???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????.
??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????. She does want to?come here again.
?? ?????????? ????????? (complete) ??????.
***
??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ????. They do want to?come here.
??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????. I?do like the idea.
? ????????????? ???? ??????? ????.
?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????. You did go there.
?? ????????????? ?????????? (study) ??? ????????.
??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? a?downhill skier (???????????).
?? ?????????? (did) ????????? (get) ??? ???????????? (all the equipment).
***
??? ????? ?????? ???????? (take up) ???? ????????.
? ??????? ???? (did) ??????????? ????????? ???????.
?? ??????????? ???????? (prepare) ??????????? (validation) ???????.
??? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? (efficient, sensible) ??????????? (offer).
? ??????? ???? ????????? (think over) ??? ?????? (stage) ???????.
??????? ???? ? ????? ??????. I?did know about that.
?? ????????????? ???? ??????. He did know about that.
??? ?????????? ????? ???. They did know?all.
The Future Simple Tense
The affirmative sentences
We?ll go there tomorrow.
They?ll come the day after tomorrow (???????????).
I?ll be in?Ulan-Ude in?(?????) a?day.
You?ll arrive (?????????) in?Moscow in?a?day or?two.
We?ll arrive in?the station in?two hours.
I?ll come and see you (? ?????? ????????? ???) in?(?????) some time.
You?ll land (????????????) in?several minutes.
***
Next Sunday he?ll come and see you (?????? ?????????; ?????????).
Next month he?ll be at your place (????), that?s for sure (??? ?????????).
Next year we?ll be visiting?you.
The next day they?ll inform us of?the results of?the competition (???????).
They?ll come to?our place (????) the next Sunday.
She?ll come the day after tomorrow (???????????).
***
I?ll come in?(?????) a?day.
You?ll also (????, ?????) come in?a?day or?two.
She?ll come and see us in?(?????) some time.
Alex will be here in?several hours.
We?ll arrive (?????????, ?????????) next week.
You all will be here next month, that?s for sure (??? ?????).
They?ll meet in?a?year and have a?big feast (????????, ?????????).
***
I?will translate this text with a?dictionary (???????).
Will you translate your text with a?dictionary?too?
Ann will translate her text with no dictionary (??? ???????), I?guess (???????, ?????, ???????????).
She will make use of?(????????????) the context, I?gather (??????, ?????? ?????).
At any rate (???????? ??????) she says so (???) and I?think she?s partly (????????) right.
***
You?ll show your translation to?the teacher, won?t you (???????)?
She?ll give (?????????) you a?mark (??????), won?t?she?
It will be a?five, won?t it (???????)?
I?daresay (???????? ???????) it will (?????).
They will stay (????????) there for long (???????), do you think (???????)?
The interrogative questions
The general questions
Will you go there tomorrow?
Will they come the day after tomorrow (???????????)?
Will you be in?Ulan-Ude in?(?????) a?day?
Will you arrive (?????????) in?Moscow in?a?day or?two?
Will they arrive at the township (?????? ?????????? ????) in?a?week?
Will you come and see us (?????????) in?(?????) some time?
Will you land (????????????) in?several minutes?
***
Will she come and see you soon?
Will they be at your place (????) soon?
Will they visit you in?January?
Will they inform us of?the results of?the competition (???????) for grant?
Will they come to?our place (????) the next Sunday?
Will she come the day after tomorrow (???????????)?
The special questions
Who will arrive (?????????) soon?
When will they arrive?
What will they do here?
What will be their main (???????) purpose (????)?
Where will they stay (????????????)?
Who will they meet (???????????) with?
Who will they consult with?
The alternative questions
Will they come in?(?????) a?day or?two?
Will you also (????, ?????) come in?a?day or?two?
Will she come and see us in?(?????) some time?
Will Alex be here in?several hours (????? ????????? ?????)?
Will you arrive (?????????, ?????????) the next week?
Will you all be here the next month?
Will they meet in?(?????) a?year and have a?big feast (????????, ?????????)?
Task
Think of?(?????????, ?????????) your own sentences with the above (???????????????) words.
The tag questions
He will translate this text with a?dictionary (???????), won?t?he?
You will translate the text with a?dictionary too, won?t?you?
Ann will translate her text with no dictionary (??? ???????), I?guess (???????, ?????, ???????????), won?t?she?
She will make use of?(????????????) the context, I?gather (??????, ?????? ?????), won?t?she?
You?ll show your translation to?the teacher, won?t you (???????)?
She?ll give (?????????) you a?good mark (??????), won?t?she?
It?ll sure (??????????, ???????) be a?five, won?t it (???????)?
I?daresay (???????? ???????) it will be, won?t?it?
The negative sentences
I?won?t go there (? ??????? ????).
You won?t talk (?????????????) to?them.
He won?t believe (??????)?you.
She won?t enter (?????????) that college.
We won?t stay (???????????????) in?that hotel.
You won?t send (??????????) that fax (????).
***
They won?t have many questions to?put (Ӡ??? ??????? ????? ????????).
We won?t have many requests to?make (Ӡ??? ??????? ????? ??????).
They won?t have any claims (?????????, ??????????). It was the juncture of?the events (???????? ?????????????), just the coincidence (??????????).
I?won?t stay there for long (? ?????? ??? ?????).
I?won?t have any reproaches (?????) and I?won?t have any self-reproach (????? ?????? ????) too. It was the concurrence (????????) of?the circumstances (??????????????).
UNIT 2
The Progressive (Continuous) Tense
The distinctive features (????????????? ?????):
1. ???????, ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? (??????). ????????? ??????????: now, at 5?o?clock, when I?came,?etc.
2. ??????????? ???????????? ????????, ??????? ??? ?????????. ????????? ?????????: while (????; ??? ?????, ??ꠅ).
3. ???????, ???????????? ?????? ???????: from? till (????).
The present Progressive Tense
The affirmative sentences
I?am reading a?book. ? ?????? ????? ?????.
You are translating the text.
He is working at this problem.
She is writing a?letter.
We are thinking over (??????????) the problem.
You are discussing how (???) to?do?it.
They are waiting for (?????) the manager.
I?m talking to?them?now.
***
Translate, please.
?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????. We are learning English?now.
?? ?????????? (We are having breakfast), ????????? ??????? ??????? (a?little later).
?? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? (complete a?joint project).
?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? (methodology of?the study).
?????? ? ???????????? ????? (I?am consulting the children).
?? ?????? ???????? ?????? (type an application).
?? ?????? ?????????? (continue; go on with) ????????????.
The interrogative questions
The general questions
Are you writing your resume? Yes, I?am. I?m just writing my resume. I?was asked to?(???? ?????????).
Is he writing an article for the newspaper? I?think so (?????, ?????).
Is Nina calling (??????) you? No, it?s?Ann.
Are we going to?the Ivanovs (???????; ????? ????????) first (???????)? Yes, right.
Are your friends calling you just now? Yes, these are my friends.
***
Read the following funny (c??????) sentences, please
??Is the frog (???????) smiling (????????)??? Oh yes, it is just smiling. Right you are (?? ?????).
??Is the beetle (???) doing nothing (??????)??? That?s right, it is doing nothing. It is not doing anything.
??Are the bears (???????) carrying (?????; ??????) milk (??????)??? They aren?t carrying any milk. It seems (???????) they are carrying honey (???).
??Is the fish (????) eating (??????, ????) a?pine-apple (??????) or an apple (??????)??? It is sure (???????, ??????????) eating a?pine-apple.
??The frog (???????) is watering (????????) the flower (??????), isn?t it??? You aren?t mistaken. It is just watering the flower.
The special questions
Who are you talking?to?
What are you doing?now?
When are you going to?Irkutsk?
Where are they going?now?
How are they solving their problems (?????? ???? ????????)?
How long are they playing?
Which place are you leaving for (???????)?
***
Who is playing chess with my nephew (?????????)?
Who is my niece (??????????) playing with?
What game are the children playing?
Where are the children playing?
When are they coming home?
How are they doing sums (?????? ??????)?
How long are they staying (?????????, ??????????) in?the health resort (??????)?
***
Who is running along the road?
What is the boy keeping (???????) in?his hand?
Which of?them (??? ?????, ??????? ?????) is running very quick?
Where are they running?
When are they coming here?
How is she performing (?????????) her part (????)?
How long are they playing in?that playground (??????? ????????)?
The alternative questions
Was your acquaintance doing shopping or just window-shopping?
Is Nick reading a?newspaper or a?magazine?
Is she reading a?textbook (???????) or a?glossy magazine (????????? ??????)?
Are you translating an article or a?letter?
Is she writing a?letter or an article?
Were you thinking over (??????????) this problem or another?one?
Are you discussing how to?do it or are you just having a?chat (???????)?
The tag questions
You are watching TV now, aren?t?you?
Your neighbor is looking through the window, isn?t?she?
Your colleague is reading a?detective story now, isn?t?he?
Ann is reading a?book, isn?t?she?
You are learning English, aren?t?you?
They are reading the textbook (???????), aren?t they?
Translate, please
?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????, ??????? (aren?t?we)?
?? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? (complete a?joint project), ??? (aren?t?we)?
?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? (methodology of?the study), ?????????
?????? ? ???????????? ????? (consult the children), ??? ?????
?? ?????? ???????? ?????? (type an application), ????????
??? ?????? ?????????? (continue; go on with) ???????????? (study), ???????
??? ?????? ???? ????, ??? ?????
The negative sentences
I?am not reading that book, I?have finished reading it. You can take?it.
You aren?t reading the magazine, can I?take?it?
He is not writing the letter as I?see. When is he going to?finish?it?
We are not dealing with (??????????) that project, we are doing something else (?????e ????, ???-?? ???).
I?am not reading that book.
You are not writing a?letter.
He is not working at the project?now.
She is not looking through (?????????????) any glossy magazine (????????? ??????).
They are not writing any substantiation (???????????) of?the project.
The Past Progressive tense
The affirmative sentences
I?was washing (????) the dishes (??????) when they called (?????????)?me.
You were looking through (?????????????) the documents at that moment.
She was packing up (??????????? ????) when she learned (??????) about that.
We were talking (?????????????) when he interrupted (?????????)?us.
They were discussing the matter (???? ??????) when Alice entered (???????) the room.
***
We were preparing (??????, ????????) a?monograph (??????????, ?????) when we got (????????) the news (???????) concerning (????????????) the announcement (??????????) of?a?competition (???????) for a?short-term (?????????????) grant in?the humanities (???????? ???????????? ????).
They were writing a?brief (???????) summary (?????, ?????????) of?the proposal (??????) when they learned (??????) about the announcement of?another, more favorable (????? ?????????????, ????????) competition (???????).
When we were reading the instructions for applicants (????, ???????? ??????), we learned (??????) that they must hold (?????) the PhD degree (?????? ???????) or show evidence (??????????????????, ????????) of?the equivalent (???????????????) professional experience (????).
Translate, please.
????? ?? ????????? (staple) ?????? (application), ??? ??????? (we were told), ??? ????? ?????? ?????? (that we should not do that). ????? ?? ?????? ?????? (application), ?? ?????? (learn), ??? ????? (fax) ?????? ????????????? (are not accepted).
????? ?? ???????? ?????? (type an application), ?? ?????? (learn), ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? (should be typed) ???? ?????? (with a?fresh, dark ribbon), ??? ??? (for, because) ?????? (application) ????? ????????? ??? ???????????? (will be photocopied several times).
The interrogative questions
The general questions
Were you waiting for me??? Oh, yes, we were. We?re really glad to?see you at our place (???? ????).
Was he sending an E-mail message when I?called him??? Yes, he?was.
Were they seeing them off (?????????) when Ann came??? Yes, the guests were just leaving (??? ??? ???????), they were bidding farewell (?????????).
Was the child smiling when they took his photo??? Yes, he?was.
Were the boys playing football when you came??? No, they weren?t, they were playing tennis.
Were you writing your essay (?????, ???????) when they came??? No, I?wasn?t. I?was tidying up (?????? ??????) the room.
Was Helen looking through (?????????????) the papers when you came to?see (?????????)?her.
The special questions
What was your relative doing when you came to?see?him?
What were your friends doing when you came ashore (?????? ???????).
What was the boy doing when you looked through the window?
What were the learners (????????) doing when they were in?the library (??????????)?
What were you doing when your colleagues (???????) came to?congratulate (??????????)?you?
What was Ann doing when you came to?see (????????? ?????????)?her?
***
What were the children doing when you came to?school?
What was she doing while Ann was writing her account (?????).
What were you doing while Ann was watching TV (???????? ?????????)?
What was she doing while you were cutting (??????) cucumbers (??????) and tomatoes for salad?
What were you doing while he was fixing up (?????????????, ??????) the?car?
***
What was Alex doing from 9?till 10?yesterday morning? I?couldn?t find?him.
What were they doing all day long? Why haven?t they done anything?
Where were they going??? They were probably (????????) going to?their work.
What were they looking through??? They were looking through their essays (???????).
What were you doing??? I?was looking for (??????) my summary (????????).
What were you doing an hour ago (??? ???? ?????)??? I?was looking for (??????) my notes (??????, ???????).
The alternative questions
Were you waiting for me or not? Oh, yes, we were. We are really glad to?see you at our place (???? ????).
Was he sending an E-mail message when I?called him or not? Yes, he?was.
Were they seeing off (?????????) their guests when Ann came or were they keeping them back (??????????, ???????????)? Yes, the? were keeping them back.
Was the child smiling when they took his photo or was he just interested in?the camera? I?think, he was interested in?the camera.
Were the boys playing football when you came or weren?t they? No, they weren?t, they were playing tennis.
Were you writing your essay when they came or were you doing something else (?????????? ???-?? ??????)? I?wasn?t writing my essay when they came. I?was tidying up (?????? ??????) the room.
????? ???????????????? ?????????.
????? ???????????? ??? ???????.
?????????? ??? ????? ???????, ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? (https://www.litres.ru/e-o-khundaeva/the-english-tenses/) ?? ??????.
????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, ?? ????? ?????????? ????????, ? ?????????? ?????????, ? ?????? ??? ??? ???????, ????? PayPal, WebMoney, ??????.??????, QIWI ???????, ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????.
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